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Table of content
Copyright
Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Changes from the Second Edition
Using This Book
Source Code and Errata Availability
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Introduction and TCP/IP
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A Simple Daytime Client
1.3 Protocol Independence
1.4 Error Handling: Wrapper Functions
1.5 A Simple Daytime Server
1.6 Roadmap to Client/Server Examples in the Text
1.7 OSI Model
1.8 BSD Networking History
1.9 Test Networks and Hosts
1.10 Unix Standards
1.11 64-Bit Architectures
1.12 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 2. The Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, and SCTP
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Big Picture
2.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
2.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
2.5 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
2.6 TCP Connection Establishment and Termination
2.7 TIME_WAIT State
2.8 SCTP Association Establishment and Termination
2.9 Port Numbers
2.10 TCP Port Numbers and Concurrent Servers
2.11 Buffer Sizes and Limitations
2.12 Standard Internet Services
2.13 Protocol Usage by Common Internet Applications
2.14 Summary
Exercises
Part 2: Elementary Sockets
Chapter 3. Sockets Introduction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Socket Address Structures
3.3 Value-Result Arguments
3.4 Byte Ordering Functions
3.5 Byte Manipulation Functions
3.6 'inet_aton', 'inet_addr', and 'inet_ntoa' Functions
3.7 'inet_pton' and 'inet_ntop' Functions
3.8 'sock_ntop' and Related Functions
3.9 'readn', 'writen', and 'readline' Functions
3.10 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 4. Elementary TCP Sockets
4.1 Introduction
4.2 'socket' Function
4.3 'connect' Function
4.4 'bind' Function
4.5 'listen' Function
4.6 'accept' Function
4.7 'fork' and 'exec' Functions
4.8 Concurrent Servers
4.9 'close' Function
4.10 'getsockname' and 'getpeername' Functions
4.11 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 5. TCP Client/Server Example
5.1 Introduction
5.2 TCP Echo Server: 'main' Function
5.3 TCP Echo Server: 'str_echo' Function
5.4 TCP Echo Client: 'main' Function
5.5 TCP Echo Client: 'str_cli' Function
5.6 Normal Startup
5.7 Normal Termination
5.8 POSIX Signal Handling
5.9 Handling 'SIGCHLD' Signals
5.10 'wait' and 'waitpid' Functions
5.11 Connection Abort before 'accept' Returns
5.12 Termination of Server Process
5.13 'SIGPIPE' Signal
5.14 Crashing of Server Host
5.15 Crashing and Rebooting of Server Host
5.16 Shutdown of Server Host
5.17 Summary of TCP Example
5.18 Data Format
5.19 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 6. I/O Multiplexing: The 'select' and 'poll' Functions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 I/O Models
6.3 'select' Function
6.4 'str_cli' Function (Revisited)
6.5 Batch Input and Buffering
6.6 'shutdown' Function
6.7 'str_cli' Function (Revisited Again)
6.8 TCP Echo Server (Revisited)
6.9 'pselect' Function
6.10 'poll' Function
6.11 TCP Echo Server (Revisited Again)
6.12 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 7. Socket Options
7.1 Introduction
7.2 'getsockopt' and 'setsockopt' Functions
7.3 Checking if an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default
7.4 Socket States
7.5 Generic Socket Options
7.6 IPv4 Socket Options
7.7 ICMPv6 Socket Option
7.8 IPv6 Socket Options
7.9 TCP Socket Options
7.10 SCTP Socket Options
7.11 'fcntl' Function
7.12 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 8. Elementary UDP Sockets
8.1 Introduction
8.2 'recvfrom' and 'sendto' Functions
8.3 UDP Echo Server: 'main' Function
8.4 UDP Echo Server: 'dg_echo' Function
8.5 UDP Echo Client: 'main' Function
8.6 UDP Echo Client: 'dg_cli' Function
8.7 Lost Datagrams
8.8 Verifying Received Response
8.9 Server Not Running
8.10 Summary of UDP Example
8.11 'connect' Function with UDP
8.12 'dg_cli' Function (Revisited)
8.13 Lack of Flow Control with UDP
8.14 Determining Outgoing Interface with UDP
8.15 TCP and UDP Echo Server Using 'select'
8.16 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 9. Elementary SCTP Sockets
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Interface Models
9.3 'sctp_bindx' Function
9.4 'sctp_connectx' Function
9.5 'sctp_getpaddrs' Function
9.6 'sctp_freepaddrs' Function
9.7 'sctp_getladdrs' Function
9.8 'sctp_freeladdrs' Function
9.9 'sctp_sendmsg' Function
9.10 'sctp_recvmsg' Function
9.11 'sctp_opt_info' Function
9.12 'sctp_peeloff' Function
9.13 'shutdown' Function
9.14 Notifications
9.15 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 10. SCTP Client/Server Example
10.1 Introduction
10.2 SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Server: 'main' Function
10.3 SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Client: 'main' Function
10.4 SCTP Streaming Echo Client: 'str_cli' Function
10.5 Exploring Head-of-Line Blocking
10.6 Controlling the Number of Streams
10.7 Controlling Termination
10.8 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 11. Name and Address Conversions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Domain Name System (DNS)
11.3 'gethostbyname' Function
11.4 'gethostbyaddr' Function
11.5 'getservbyname' and 'getservbyport' Functions
11.6 'getaddrinfo' Function
11.7 'gai_strerror' Function
11.8 'freeaddrinfo' Function
11.9 'getaddrinfo' Function: IPv6
11.10 'getaddrinfo' Function: Examples
11.11 'host_serv' Function
11.12 'tcp_connect' Function
11.13 'tcp_listen' Function
11.14 'udp_client' Function
11.15 'udp_connect' Function
11.16 'udp_server' Function
11.17 'getnameinfo' Function
11.18 Re-entrant Functions
11.19 'gethostbyname_r' and 'gethostbyaddr_r' Functions
11.20 Obsolete IPv6 Address Lookup Functions
11.21 Other Networking Information
11.22 Summary
Exercises
Part 3: Advanced Sockets
Chapter 12. IPv4 and IPv6 Interoperability
12.1 Introduction
12.2 IPv4 Client, IPv6 Server
12.3 IPv6 Client, IPv4 Server
12.4 IPv6 Address-Testing Macros
12.5 Source Code Portability
12.6 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 13. Daemon Processes and the 'inetd' Superserver
13.1 Introduction
13.2 'syslogd' Daemon
13.3 'syslog' Function
13.4 'daemon_init' Function
13.5 'inetd' Daemon
13.6 'daemon_inetd' Function
13.7 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 14. Advanced I/O Functions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Socket Timeouts
14.3 'recv' and 'send' Functions
14.4 'readv' and 'writev' Functions
14.5 'recvmsg' and 'sendmsg' Functions
14.6 Ancillary Data
14.7 How Much Data Is Queued?
14.8 Sockets and Standard I/O
14.9 Advanced Polling
14.10 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 15. Unix Domain Protocols
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Unix Domain Socket Address Structure
15.3 'socketpair' Function
15.4 Socket Functions
15.5 Unix Domain Stream Client/Server
15.6 Unix Domain Datagram Client/Server
15.7 Passing Descriptors
15.8 Receiving Sender Credentials
15.9 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 16. Nonblocking I/O
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nonblocking Reads and Writes: 'str_cli' Function (Revisited)
16.3 Nonblocking 'connect'
16.4 Nonblocking 'connect:' Daytime Client
16.5 Nonblocking 'connect:' Web Client
16.6 Nonblocking 'accept'
16.7 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 17. 'ioctl' Operations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 'ioctl' Function
17.3 Socket Operations
17.4 File Operations
17.5 Interface Configuration
17.6 'get_ifi_info' Function
17.7 Interface Operations
17.8 ARP Cache Operations
17.9 Routing Table Operations
17.10 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 18. Routing Sockets
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Datalink Socket Address Structure
18.3 Reading and Writing
18.4 'sysctl' Operations
18.5 'get_ifi_info' Function (Revisited)
18.6 Interface Name and Index Functions
18.7 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 19. Key Management Sockets
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Reading and Writing
19.3 Dumping the Security Association Database (SADB)
19.4 Creating a Static Security Association (SA)
19.5 Dynamically Maintaining SAs
19.6 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 20. Broadcasting
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Broadcast Addresses
20.3 Unicast versus Broadcast
20.4 'dg_cli' Function Using Broadcasting
20.5 Race Conditions
20.6 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 21. Multicasting
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Multicast Addresses
21.3 Multicasting versus Broadcasting on a LAN
21.4 Multicasting on a WAN
21.5 Source-Specific Multicast
21.6 Multicast Socket Options
21.7 'mcast_join' and Related Functions
21.8 'dg_cli' Function Using Multicasting
21.9 Receiving IP Multicast Infrastructure Session Announcements
21.10 Sending and Receiving
21.11 Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)
21.12 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 22. Advanced UDP Sockets
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Receiving Flags, Destination IP Address, and Interface Index
22.3 Datagram Truncation
22.4 When to Use UDP Instead of TCP
22.5 Adding Reliability to a UDP Application
22.6 Binding Interface Addresses
22.7 Concurrent UDP Servers
22.8 IPv6 Packet Information
22.9 IPv6 Path MTU Control
22.10 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 23. Advanced SCTP Sockets
23.1 Introduction
23.2 An Autoclosing One-to-Many-Style Server
23.3 Partial Delivery
23.4 Notifications
23.5 Unordered Data
23.6 Binding a Subset of Addresses
23.7 Determining Peer and Local Address Information
23.8 Finding an Association ID Given an IP Address
23.9 Heartbeating and Address Failure
23.10 Peeling Off an Association
23.11 Controlling Timing
23.12 When to Use SCTP Instead of TCP
23.13 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 24. Out-of-Band Data
24.1 Introduction
24.2 TCP Out-of-Band Data
24.3 'sockatmark' Function
24.4 TCP Out-of-Band Data Recap
24.5 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 25. Signal-Driven I/O
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Signal-Driven I/O for Sockets
25.3 UDP Echo Server Using 'SIGIO'
25.4 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 26. Threads
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Basic Thread Functions: Creation and Termination
26.3 'str_cli' Function Using Threads
26.4 TCP Echo Server Using Threads
26.5 Thread-Specific Data
26.6 Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)
26.7 Mutexes: Mutual Exclusion
26.8 Condition Variables
26.9 Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued)
26.10 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 27. IP Options
27.1 Introduction
27.2 IPv4 Options
27.3 IPv4 Source Route Options
27.4 IPv6 Extension Headers
27.5 IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination Options
27.6 IPv6 Routing Header
27.7 IPv6 Sticky Options
27.8 Historical IPv6 Advanced API
27.9 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 28. Raw Sockets
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Raw Socket Creation
28.3 Raw Socket Output
28.4 Raw Socket Input
28.5 'ping' Program
28.6 'traceroute' Program
28.7 An ICMP Message Daemon
28.8 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 29. Datalink Access
29.1 Introduction
29.2 BSD Packet Filter (BPF)
29.3 Datalink Provider Interface (DLPI)
29.4 Linux: 'SOCK_PACKET' and 'PF_PACKET'
29.5 'libpcap': Packet Capture Library
29.6 'libnet': Packet Creation and Injection Library
29.7 Examining the UDP Checksum Field
29.8 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 30. Client/Server Design Alternatives
30.1 Introduction
30.2 TCP Client Alternatives
30.3 TCP Test Client
30.4 TCP Iterative Server
30.5 TCP Concurrent Server, One Child per Client
30.6 TCP Preforked Server, No Locking Around 'accept'
30.7 TCP Preforked Server, File Locking Around 'accept'
30.8 TCP Preforked Server, Thread Locking Around 'accept'
30.9 TCP Preforked Server, Descriptor Passing
30.10 TCP Concurrent Server, One Thread per Client
30.11 TCP Prethreaded Server, per-Thread 'accept'
30.12 TCP Prethreaded Server, Main Thread 'accept'
30.13 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 31. Streams
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Overview
31.3 'getmsg' and 'putmsg' Functions
31.4 'getpmsg' and 'putpmsg' Functions
31.5 'ioctl' Function
31.6 Transport Provider Interface (TPI)
31.7 Summary
Exercises
Appendix A. IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, and ICMPv6
A.1 Introduction
A.2 IPv4 Header
A.3 IPv6 Header
A.4 IPv4 Addresses
A.5 IPv6 Addresses
A.6 Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMPv4 and ICMPv6)
Appendix B. Virtual Networks
B.1 Introduction
B.2 The MBone
B.3 The 6bone
B.4 IPv6 Transition: 6to4
Appendix C. Debugging Techniques
C.1 System Call Tracing
C.2 Standard Internet Services
C.3 'sock' Program
C.4 Small Test Programs
C.5 'tcpdump' Program
C.6 'netstat' Program
C.7 'lsof' Program
Appendix D. Miscellaneous Source Code
D.1 'unp.h' Header
D.2 'config.h' Header
D.3 Standard Error Functions
Appendix E. Solutions to Selected Exercises
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Bibliography
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[ Team LiB ] Previous Section

Bibliography

All RFCs are available at no charge through electronic mail, anonymous FTP, or the World Wide Web. A starting point is http://www.ietf.org. The directory ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes is one location for RFCs. URLs are not specified for RFCs.

Items marked "Internet Draft" are works in progress of the IETF. These drafts expire six months after publication. The appropriate version of the draft may change after this book is published, or the draft may be published as an RFC. They are available at no charge via the Internet, similar to the RFCs. http://www.ietf.org is a major repository for Internet Drafts. We include the filename portion of the URL for each Internet Draft, since the filename contains the version number.

Whenever an electronic copy was found of a paper or report referenced in this bibliography, its URL is included. Be aware that these URLs can change over time, and readers are encouraged to check the Errata for this text on the book's home page for any changes (http://www.unpbook.com/) A terrific online database of papers can be found at http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/cs. Entering the title of a paper or report will not only find other papers that refer to the one entered, but will also point to known online versions.

Albitz, P. and Liu, C. 2001. DNS and Bind, Fourth Edition. O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA.

Allman, M., Floyd, S., and Partridge, C. 2002. "Increasing TCP's Initial Window," RFC 3390.

Allman, M., Ostermann, S., and Metz, C. W. 1998. "FTP Extensions for IPv6 and NATs," RFC 2428.

Allman, M., Paxson, V., and Stevens, W. R. 1999. "TCP Congestion Control," RFC 2581.

Almquist, P. 1992. "Type of Service in the Internet Protocol Suite," RFC 1349 (obsoleted by RFC 2474). Original definition of how to use the type-of-service field in the IPv4 header. Obsoleted by RFC 2474 [Nichols et al. 1998] and RFC 3168 [Ramakrishnan, Floyd, and Black 2001].

Baker, F. 1995. "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers," RFC 1812.

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Borman, D. A. 1997b. "Re: SYN/RST cookies," tcp-impl mailing list (http://www.unpbook.com/borman.97jun06.txt).

Borman, D. A., Deering, S. E., and Hinden, R. 1999. "IPv6 Jumbograms," RFC 2675.

Braden, R. T. 1989. "Requirements for Internet Hosts鈥擟ommunication Layers," RFC 1122. The first half of the host requirements RFC. This half covers the link layer, IPv4, ICMPv4, IGMPv4, ARP, TCP, and UDP.

Braden, R. T. 1992. "TIME-WAIT Assassination Hazards in TCP," RFC 1337.

Braden, R. T., Borman, D. A., and Partridge, C. 1988. "Computing the Internet checksum," RFC 1071.

Bradner, S. 1996. "The Internet Standards Process鈥擱evision 3," RFC 2026.

Bush, R. 2001. "Delegation of IP6.ARPA," RFC 3152.

Butenhof, D. R. 1997. Programming with POSIX Threads. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Cain, B., Deering, S. E., Kouvelas, I., Fenner, B., and Thyagarajan, A. 2002. "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 3," RFC 3376.

Carpenter, B. and Moore, K. 2001. "Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds," RFC 3056.

CERT, 1996a. "UDP Port Deinal-of-Service Attack," Advisory CA-96.01, Computer Emergency Response Team, Pittsburgh, PA.

CERT, 1996b. "TCP SYN Flooding and IP Spoofing Attacks," Advisory CA-96.21, Computer Emergency Response Team, Pittsburgh, PA.

Cheswick, W. R., Bellovin, S. M., and Rubin, A. D. 2003. Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Conta, A. and Deering, S. E. 1998. "Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification," RFC 2463.

Conta, A. and Deering, S. E. 2001. "Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification," draft-ietf-ipngwg-icmp-v3-02.txt (Internet Draft). This is a revision of [Conta and Deering 1998] and is expected to eventually replace it.

Crawford, M. 1998a. "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet Networks," RFC 2464.

Crawford, M. 1998b. "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over FDDI Networks," RFC 2467.

Crawford, M., Narten, T., and Thomas, S. 1998. "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Token Ring Networks," RFC 2470.

Deering, S. E. 1989. "Host extensions for IP multicasting," RFC 1112.

Deering, S. E. and Hinden, R. 1998. "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification," RFC 2460.

Draves, R. 2003. "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)," RFC 3484.

Eriksson, H. 1994. "MBONE: The Multicast Backbone," Communications of the ACM, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 54-60.

Fink, R. and Hinden, R. 2003. "6bone (IPv6 Testing Address Allocation) Phaseout," draft-fink-6bone-phaseout-04.txt(Internet Draft).

Fuller, V., Li, T., Yu, J. Y., and Varadhan, K. 1993. "Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy," RFC 1519.

Garfinkel, S. L., Schwartz, A., and Spafford, E. H. 2003. Practical UNIX & Internet Security, 3rd Edition. O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastapol, CA.

Gettys, J. and Nielsen, H. F. 1998. SMUX Protocol Specification (http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-mux).

Gierth, A. 1996. Private communication.

Gilligan, R. E. and Nordmark, E. 2000. "Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers," RFC 2893.

Gilligan, R. E., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and Stevens, W. R. 2003. "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6," RFC 3493.

Gilligan, R. E., Thomson, S., Bound, J., and Stevens, W. R. 1997. "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6," RFC 2133 (obsoleted by RFC 2553).

Gilligan, R. E., Thomson, S., Bound, J., and Stevens, W. R. 1999. "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6," RFC 2553 (obsoleted by RFC 3493).

Haberman, B. 2002. "Allocation Guidelines for IPv6 Multicast Addresses," RFC 3307.

Haberman, B. and Thaler, D. 2002. "Unicast-Prefix-based IPv6 Multicast Addresses," RFC 3306.

Handley, M. and Jacobson, V. 1998. "SDP: Session Description Protocol," RFC 2327.

Handley, M., Perkins, C., and Whelan, E. 2000. "Session Announcement Protocol," RFC 2974.

Harkins, D. and Carrel, D. 1998. "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)," RFC 2409.

Hinden, R. and Deering, S. E. 2003. "Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing Architecture," RFC 3513.

Hinden, R., Deering, S. E., and Nordmark, E. 2003. "IPv6 Global Unicast Address Format," RFC 3587.

Hinden, R., Fink, R., and Postel, J. B. 1998. "IPv6 Testing Address Allocation," RFC 2471.

Holbrook, H. and Cheriton, D. 1999. "IP multicast channels: EXPRESS support for large-scale single-source applications,"Computer Communication Review, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 65鈥?8.

Huitema, C. 2001. "An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers," RFC 3068.

IANA, 2003. Protocol/Number Assignments Directory (http://www.iana.org/numbers.htm).

IEEE, 1996. "Information Technology鈥擯ortable Operating System Interface (POSIX)鈥擯art 1: System Application Program Interface (API) [C Language]," IEEE Std 1003.1, 1996 Edition, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ. This version of POSIX.1 contains the 1990 base API, the 1003.1b realtime extensions (1993), the 1003.1c pthreads (1995), and the 1003-1i technical corrections (1995). This is also International Standard ISO/IEC 9945鈥?: 1996 (E). Ordering information on IEEE standards and draft standards is available at http://www.ieee.org.

IEEE, 1997. Guidelines for 64-bit Global Identifier (EUI-64) Registration Authority. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ (http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/tutorials/EUI64.html).

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Jacobson, V., Braden, R. T., and Borman, D. A. 1992. "TCP Extensions for High Performance," RFC 1323. Describes the window scale option, the timestamp option, and the PAWS algorithm, along with the reasons why these modifications were needed.

Jacobson, V., Braden, R. T., and Zhang, L. 1990. "TCP Extension for High-Speed Paths," RFC 1185 (obsoleted by RFC 1323).

Josey, A., ed. 1997. Go Solo 2: The Authorized Guide to Version 2 of the Single UNIX Specification. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Josey, A., ed. 2002. The Single UNIX Specification鈥擳he Authorized Guide to Version 3. The Open Group, Berkshire, UK.

Joy, W. N. 1994. Private communication.

Karn, P. and Partridge, C. 1991. "Improving Round-Trip Time Estimates in Reliable Transport Protocols,"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 364鈥?73.

Katz, D. 1993. "Transmission of IP and ARP over FDDI Networks," RFC 1390.

Katz, D. 1997. "IP Router Alert Option," RFC 2113.

Kent, S. T. 1991. "U. S. Department of Defense Security Options for the Internet Protocol," RFC 1108.

Kent, S. T. 2003a. "IP Authentication Header," draft-ietf-ipsec-rfc2402bis-04.txt(Internet Draft).

Kent, S. T. 2003b. "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)," draft-ietf-ipsec-esp-v3-06.txt (Internet Draft).

Kent, S. T. and Atkinson, R. J. 1998a. "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol," RFC 2401.

Kent, S. T. and Atkinson, R. J. 1998b. "IP Authentication Header," RFC 2402. As of this writing, this RFC is being updated by the IETF IPsec Working Group (see [Kent 2003a]).

Kent, S. T. and Atkinson, R. J. 1998c. "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)," RFC 2406. As of this writing, this RFC is being updated by the IETF IPsec Working Group (see [Kent 2003b]).

Kernighan, B. W. and Pike, R. 1984. The UNIX Programming Environment. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Kernighan, B. W. and Ritchie, D. M. 1988. The C Programming Language, Second Edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Lanciani, D. 1996. "Re: sockets: AF_INET vs. PF_INET," Message-ID: <3561@news.IPSWITCH.COM>, USENET comp.protocols.tcp-ip Newsgroup (http://www.unpbook.com/lanciani.96apr10.txt).

Maslen, T. M. 1997. "Re: gethostbyXXXX() and Threads," Message-ID: <maslen.862463630 @shellx>, USENET comp.programming.threads Newsgroup (http://www.unpbook.com/maslen.97may01.txt).

McCann, J., Deering, S. E., and Mogul, J. C. 1996. "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6," RFC 1981.

McCanne, S. and Jacobson, V. 1993. "The BSD Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-Level Packet Capture," Proceedings of the 1993 Winter USENIX Conference, San Diego, CA, pp. 259鈥?69.

McDonald, D. L., Metz, C. W., and Phan, B. G. 1998. "PF_KEY Key Management API, Version 2," RFC 2367.

McKusick, M. K., Bostic, K., Karels, M.J., and Quarterman, J. S. 1996. The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Meyer, D. 1998. "Administratively Scoped IP Multicast," RFC 2365.

Mills, D. L. 1992. "Network Time Protocol (Version 3) Specification, Implementation," RFC 1305.

Mills, D. L. 1996. "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI," RFC 2030.

Mogul, J. C. and Deering, S. E. 1990. "Path MTU discovery," RFC 1191.

Mogul, J. C. and Postel, J. B. 1985. "Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure," RFC 950.

Narten, T. and Draves, R. 2001. "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6," RFC 3041.

Nemeth, E. 1997. Private communication.

Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and Black, D. 1998. "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers," RFC 2474.

Nordmark, E. 2000. "Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT)," RFC 2765.

Ong, L., Rytina, I., Garcia, M., Schwarzbauer, H., Coene, L., Lin, H., Juhasz, I., Holdrege, M., and Sharp, C. 1999. "Framework Architecture for Signaling Transport," RFC 2719.

Ong, L. and Yoakum, J. 2002. "An Introduction to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)," RFC 3286.

The Open Group, 1997. CAE Specification, Networking Services (XNS), Issue 5. The Open Group, Berkshire, UK. This is the specification for sockets and XTI in Unix 98, now superseded by The Single UNIX Specification, Version 3. This manual also has appendices describing the use of XTI with Net-BIOS, the OSI protocols, SNA, and the Netware IPX and SPX protocols. Three appendices cover the use of both sockets and XTI with ATM.

Partridge, C. and Jackson, A. 1999. "IPv6 Router Alert Option," RFC 2711.

Partridge, C., Mendez, T., and Milliken, W. 1993. "Host Anycasting Service," RFC 1546.

Partridge, C. and Pink, S. 1993. "A Faster UDP," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 429鈥?40.

Paxson, V. 1996. "End-to-End Routing Behavior in the Internet," Computer Communication Review, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 25鈥?8 (ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/papers/routing.SIGCOMM.ps.z).

Paxson, V. and Allman, M. 2000. "Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer," RFC 2988.

Plauger, P.J. 1992. The Standard C Library. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Postel, J. B. 1980. "User Datagram Protocol," RFC 768.

Postel, J. B. 1981a. "Internet Protocol," RFC 791.

Postel, J. B. 1981b. "Internet Control Message Protocol," RFC 792.

Postel, J. B. 1981c. "Transmission Control Protocol," RFC 793.

Pusateri, T. 1993. "IP Multicast over Token-Ring Local Area Networks," RFC 1469.

Rago, S. A. 1993. UNIX System V Network Programming. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Rajahalme, J., Conta, A., Carpenter, B., and Deering, S. E. 2003. "IPv6 Flow Label Specification," draft-ietf-ipv6-flow-label-07.txt (Internet Draft).

Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and Black, D. 2001. "The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP," RFC 3168.

Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G. J., and Lear, E. 1996. "Address Allocation for Private Internets," RFC 1918.

Reynolds, J. K. 2002. "Assigned Numbers: RFC 1700 is Replaced by an On-line Database," RFC 3232. The database referred to in this RFC is [IANA 2003].

Reynolds, J. K. and Postel, J. B. 1994. "Assigned Numbers," RFC 1700 (obsoleted by RFC 3232). This RFC is the last in the series of "Assigned Numbers" RFCs. Since the information changed so often, it was decided to simply keep the directory online. See [Reynolds 2002] for more explanation or [IANA 2003] for the database itself.

Ritchie, D. M. 1984. "A Stream Input-Output System,"AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 1897鈥?910.

Salus, P. H. 1994. A Quarter Century of Unix. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Salus, P. H. 1995. Casting the Net: From ARPANET to Internet and Beyond. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Schimmel, C. 1994. UNIX Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Spero, S. 1996. Session Control Protocol (SCP) (http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP-NG/ http-ng-scp.html).

Srinivasan, R. 1995. "XDR: External Data Representation Standard," RFC 1832.

Stevens, W. R. 1992. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. All the details of Unix programming. Referred to in this text as APUE.

Stevens, W. R. 1994. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. A complete introduction to the Internet protocols. Referred to in this text as TCPv1.

Stevens, W. R. 1996. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX Domain Protocols. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Referred to in this text as TCPv3.

Stevens, W. R. and Thomas, M. 1998. "Advanced Sockets API for IPv6," RFC 2292 (obsoleted by RFC 3542).

Stevens, W. R., Thomas, M., Nordmark, E., and Jinmei, T. 2003. "Advanced Sockets Application Program Interface (API) for IPv6," RFC 3542.

Stewart, R. R., Bestler, C., Jim, J., Ganguly, S., Shah, H., and Kashyap, V. 2003a. "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) Direct Data Placement (DDP) Adaptation," draft-stewart-rddp-sctp-02.txt (Internet Draft).

Stewart, R. R., Ramalho, M., Xie, Q., Tuexen, M., Rytina, I., Belinchon, M., and Conrad, P. 2003b. "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Dynamic Address Reconfiguration," draft-ietf-tsvwg-addip-sctp-07.txt (Internet Draft).

Stewart, R. R. and Xie, Q. 2001. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP): A Reference Guide. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

Stewart, R. R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C., Schwarzbauer, H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M., Zhang, L., and Paxson, V. 2000. "Stream Control Transmission Protocol," RFC 2960.

Stone, J., Stewart, R. R., and Otis, D. 2002. "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Checksum Change," RFC 3309.

Tanenbaum, A. S. 1987. Operating Systems Design and Implementation. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Thomson, S. and Huitema, C. 1995. "DNS Extensions to support IP version 6," RFC 1886.

Torek, C. 1994. "Re: Delay in re-using TCP/IP port," Message-ID: <199501010028.QAA16863 @elf.bsdi.com>, USENET comp.unix.wizards Newsgroup (http://www.unpbook.com/torek.94dec31.txt).

Touch, J. 1997. "TCP Control Block Interdependence," RFC 2140.

Unix International, 1991. Data Link Provider Interface Specification. Unix International, Parsippany, NJ, Revision 2.0.0 (http://www.unpbook.com/dlpi.2.0.0.ps). A newer version of this specification is available online from The Open Group at http://www.rdg.opengroup.org/pubs/catalog/web.htm.

Unix International, 1992a. Network Provider Interface Specification. Unix International, Parsippany, NJ, Revision 2.0.0 (http://www.unpbook.com/npi.2.0.0.ps).

Unix International, 1992b. Transport Provider Interface Specification. Unix International, Parsippany, NJ, Revision 1.5 (http://www.unpbook.com/tpi.1.5.ps). A newer version of this specification is available online from The Open Group at http://www.rdg.opengroup.org/pubs/catalog/web.htm.

Vixie, P. A. 1996. Private communication.

Wright, G. R. and Stevens, W. R. 1995. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. The implementation of the Internet protocols in the 4.4BSD-Lite operating system. Referred to in this text as TCPv2.

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